What is Firmware? - Tutorial and Examples

You may have heard the term firmware before, but do you know what it is? Don't worry – this article will help you learn more about firmware. Keep reading!

Definition of Firmware

Firmware is the software that performs basic input/output operations, providing the instructions that allow hardware to communicate with other computing devices. Hard drives, graphics cards, keyboards, and the BIOS (basic input/output system) all contain a set of permanent instructions embedded in them.

Unlike traditional software, it cannot be modified or deleted without a specific program. And, unlike a computer, the device is always present, whether on or off. Typically, firmware is stored in flash ROM (a form of flash memory that allows users to delete and overwrite data).

As technology progressed, firmware moved from read-only memory (ROM) to flash, making updates easier. These days, it is routine to rewrite the firmware on disappeared cards, modems, and BIOSes. But, when it comes to systems that rely on large amounts of firmware, such as storage devices, the story is different. Fortunately, most storage devices support “phone-home” firmware updates.

Here are some examples of firmware:

Low-level firmware: Typically, low-level firmware is built into the device hardware. This firmware is usually stored on a read-only chip, such as a ROM, and so cannot be rewritten or updated. Devices with low-level firmware often have one-time programmable memory. High-level firmware: High-level firmware is updatable. It tends to be more complex than low-level firmware. High-level firmware is found on flash chips within a computer. Subsystem firmware: Subsystem firmware is part of an embedded system. Similar to high-level firmware, it can also be updated.

What does firmware do in a computer system?

Firmware on a computer stores the code that controls hardware like keyboards and hard drives, and so is essential to its booting up.

Firmware Update

Firmware updates are used to update the firmware of a device. When device manufacturers release new firmware updates to enhance the device, it leads to improved efficiency and enhanced security. For instance, when users of a network router wish to boost its functionality, they can address this by downloading firmware updates for the router device. These updates are determined by the device; they may not be regular and might occur only once throughout the device's lifetime.

Examples of firmware updates:

• A CD burner is capable of burning new types of discs.
• A router update can improve its performance and stability.
• The motherboard manufacturer has released a BIOS update that enables the board to support new processors.

Why is firmware updating important?

To remain compatible with updates to smartphone operating systems, smart thermostats require firmware upgrades from time to time, which typically happen automatically when software updates are available. That way, the user does not have to worry about manually upgrading the firmware, and the phone keeps working.

Firmware Over The Air (FOTA) is a method of updating firmware. It refers to the process of remotely updating firmware by downloading an upgrade package from a service provider. Some electronic devices require power during firmware updates to ensure the update process does not corrupt the firmware. If a device's firmware becomes compromised, it could lead to device malfunction or failure.

The Difference Between Firmware and Software

Firmware is the software that provides basic machine instructions. It enables hardware to operate and communicate with other software running on a device. Often referred to as “hardware software,” firmware has low-level control over a device's hardware. Unlike software, firmware is typically not designed with the user experience in mind.

Software主要包括那些旨在促进用户交互的程序，比如操作系统、文字处理工具、数据库和其他应用程序。Software is often updated and can be uninstalled directly from the device without usually causing significant issues. The only downside is that it can take up a considerable amount of hard drive space.